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Polynomial expansion. In mathematics, an expansion of a product of sums expresses it as a sum of products by using the fact that multiplication distributes over addition. Expansion of a polynomial expression can be obtained by repeatedly replacing subexpressions that multiply two other subexpressions, at least one of which is an addition, by ...
In graph theory, an expander graph is a sparse graph that has strong connectivity properties, quantified using vertex, edge or spectral expansion. Expander constructions have spawned research in pure and applied mathematics, with several applications to complexity theory, design of robust computer networks, and the theory of error-correcting codes.
Sampling from an expander walk is an example of a randomness-efficient sampler. Note that the number of bits used in sampling k {\displaystyle k} independent samples from f {\displaystyle f} is k log n {\displaystyle k\log n} , whereas if we sample from an infinite family of constant-degree expanders this costs only log n + O ( k ...
In mathematics, Descartes' rule of signs, described by René Descartes in his La Géométrie, counts the roots of a polynomial by examining sign changes in its coefficients. The number of positive real roots is at most the number of sign changes in the sequence of polynomial's coefficients (omitting zero coefficients), and the difference ...
The expander mixing lemma can be used to upper bound the size of an independent set within a graph. In particular, the size of an independent set in an -graph is at most This is proved by letting in the statement above and using the fact that. An additional consequence is that, if is an -graph, then its chromatic number is at least This is ...
Bounded expansion. In graph theory, a family of graphs is said to have bounded expansion if all of its shallow minors are sparse graphs. Many natural families of sparse graphs have bounded expansion. A closely related but stronger property, polynomial expansion, is equivalent to the existence of separator theorems for these families.
The polynomial is the Tutte polynomial of the bull graph. The red line shows the intersection with the plane , which is essentially equivalent to the chromatic polynomial. The Tutte polynomial, also called the dichromate or the Tutte–Whitney polynomial, is a graph polynomial. It is a polynomial in two variables which plays an important role ...
Companion matrix. In linear algebra, the Frobenius companion matrix of the monic polynomial is the square matrix defined as. Some authors use the transpose of this matrix, , which is more convenient for some purposes such as linear recurrence relations (see below). is defined from the coefficients of , while the characteristic polynomial as ...
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