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On 9 January 1978, seminary students and other people demonstrated in the city, which was cracked down by the Shah's security forces who shot live ammunition to disperse the crowd when the peaceful demonstration turned violent. [112] Between 5–300 of the demonstrators were reportedly killed in the protest.
OPEC had Iran and Iraq sit down and work aside their differences, which resulted in relatively good relations between the two nations throughout the 1970s. In 1978 the Shah made a request to then-Vice President Saddam Hussein to banish the expatriate Ayatollah Khomenei from Iraq, who had been living there in exile for the past 15 years. In ...
Students studying to be imams at Qom were most active in the protests, and Ayatollah Khomeini emerged as one of the leaders, giving sermons calling for the Shah's overthrow. [131] At least 200 people were killed, with the police throwing some students to their deaths from high buildings, and Khomeini was exiled to Iraq in 4 October 1965. [132]
The Shah of Iran believed that Iran was destined to become a world super power, proudly led by one of the strongest militaries in the world. By 1972, the Imperial Iranian Armed Forces had a total of 298,300 personnel, excluding the nation's police. A year later, in 1973, around 59% of Iranian males were fit for service. [50]
In 1971, a prisoner, Parviz Nikkhah, serving a ten-year prison sentence for communist subversion "experienced a genuine change of heart." He "astounded" the public by coming out in full support of the regime, starting a career working for the government Radio-Television Network" explaining how the Shah was a "true revolutionary". [35]
Following the overthrow of the Qajar dynasty and becoming the Shahanshah of Iran, he commanded all offices of Iran to address him with his surname and title, "Reza Shah Pahlavi". [141] In the spring of 1950, after the foundation of the National Consultative Assembly , he was given the title "Reza Shah the Great".
All Fall Down: America's Tragic Encounter with Iran. New York: Penguin Books, 1986. Shawcross, William, The Shah's Last Ride: The Death of an Ally, Touchstone, 1989, ISBN 0-671-68745-X. Smith, Frank E. The Iranian Revolution. 1998. Society for Iranian Studies, Iranian Revolution in Perspective. Special volume of Iranian Studies, 1980.
Khomeini speaking in Qom and criticizing the Shah's government. In 1963, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Iran's Shah started several programs in Iran which was known as "The Revolution of the Shah and the People" or the White Revolution, it was referred to as white due to it being a bloodless revolution. These plans were to make social and economic ...