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The oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds is performed exclusively by Bacteria and Archaea.All the Archaea involved in this process are aerobic and belong to the Order Sulfolobales, [19] [20] characterized by acidophiles (extremophiles that require low pHs to grow) and thermophiles (extremophiles that require high temperatures to grow).
The capability to oxidize sulfide and store sulfur are the main features which define Beggiatoa and its close relative Thioploca as filamentous colorless sulfur bacteria, in contrast to other filamentous bacteria like cyanobacteria and the non-sulfur-oxidizing Cytophaga and Flexibacter. [11]
The partly oxidized sulfur compounds can be either completely oxidized to sulfate by sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, if enough oxygen is present, or reduced to sulfide by sulfidogenic bacteria. In such places oxygen limitation is frequent, as indicated by micro-profile measurements from such habitats.
Microbial sulfur cycle. Some bacteria use light energy to couple sulfur oxidation to carbon dioxide (CO 2) fixation for growth. These fall into two general groups: green sulfur bacteria (GSB) and purple sulfur bacteria (PSB). [6] However, some Cyanobacteria are also able to use hydrogen sulfide as an electron donor during anoxygenic ...
Hydrogenovibrio crunogenus (basonym Thiomicrospira crunogena) [1] is a colorless, sulfur-oxidizing bacterium first isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent.It is an obligate chemolithoautotrophic sulfur oxidizer and differs from other species of this genus by its DNA base composition and by its growth rate and optimal pH in thiosulfate medium.
Acidithiobacillus is a genus of the Acidithiobacillia in the phylum "Pseudomonadota".This genus includes ten species of acidophilic microorganisms capable of sulfur and/or iron oxidation: Acidithiobacillus albertensis, Acidithiobacillus caldus, Acidithiobacillus cuprithermicus, Acidithiobacillus ferrianus, Acidithiobacillus ferridurans, Acidithiobacillus ferriphilus, Acidithiobacillus ...
Oxygen is required in both ammonia and nitrite oxidation, meaning that both nitrosifying and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria are aerobes. As in sulfur and iron oxidation, NADH for carbon dioxide fixation using the Calvin cycle is generated by reverse electron flow, thereby placing a further metabolic burden on an already energy-poor process.
Most species oxidize sulfur compounds for energy metabolism. They often use nitrate as an electron acceptor, which contributes to the detoxification of sulfide-rich environments. These bacteria thrive when there is a gradient between oxygenated and anoxic zones, that can occur around hydrothermal vents.