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Greater than 80%–90% of patients with lower extremity peripheral arterial disease are current or former smokers. [40] The risk of PAD increases with the number of cigarettes smoked per day and the number of years smoked. [41] [42] High blood sugar – Diabetes mellitus is shown to increase the risk of PAD by 2–4 fold. It does this by ...
Many of the complications come from prolonged standing (more than 60% of a work day) that is repeated several times a week. Many jobs require prolonged standing, such as "retail staff, baristas, bartenders, assembly line workers, security staff, engineers, catering staff, library assistants, hair stylists and laboratory technicians". [1]
Resting ABPI is insensitive to mild PAD. [8] Treadmill tests (6 minute) are sometimes used to increase ABPI sensitivity, [9] but this is unsuitable for patients who are obese or have co-morbidities such as Aortic aneurysm, and increases assessment duration. Lack of protocol standardisation, [10] which reduces intra-observer reliability. [11]
These procedures provide reasonable outcomes that are comparable to surgery with the advantage of short hospital stay (day or overnight for most cases) with lower morbidity and mortality rates. Historically performed by interventional radiologists, vascular surgeons have become increasingly proficient with endovascular methods. [5]
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Cooling more than a few degrees was no longer needed for heart surgery. Thereafter, the only surgeries that required stopping blood circulation to the whole body ("total circulatory arrest") were surgeries involving blood supply to the brain. The only heart surgeries that continued to require total circulatory arrest were repairs to the aortic ...
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