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Note that fmap, join, append and bind are well-defined, since they're applied to progressively deeper arguments at each recursive call. The list type is an additive monad, with nil as the monadic zero and append as monadic sum. Lists form a monoid under the append operation. The identity element of the monoid is the empty list, nil.
In computer science, a set is an abstract data type that can store unique values, without any particular order. It is a computer implementation of the mathematical concept of a finite set. Unlike most other collection types, rather than retrieving a specific element from a set, one typically tests a value for membership in a set.
Only a finite range of real numbers can be represented with a given number of bits. Arithmetic operations can overflow or underflow, producing a value too large or too small to be represented. The representation has a limited precision. For example, only 15 decimal digits can be represented with a 64-bit real.
Since Python is a dynamically-typed language, Python values, not variables, carry type information. All variables in Python hold references to objects, and these references are passed to functions. Some people (including Guido van Rossum himself) have called this parameter-passing scheme "call by object reference".
For problem instances in which the maximum key value is significantly smaller than the number of items, counting sort can be highly space-efficient, as the only storage it uses other than its input and output arrays is the Count array which uses space O(k). [5]
The standard type hierarchy of Python 3. In computer science and computer programming, a data type (or simply type) is a collection or grouping of data values, usually specified by a set of possible values, a set of allowed operations on these values, and/or a representation of these values as machine types. [1]
Many file systems' Access Control Lists implement an "append-only" permission: chattr in Linux can be used to set the append-only flag to files and directories. This corresponds to the O_APPEND flag in open(). [1] NTFS ACL has a control for "Create Folders / Append Data", but it does not seem to keep data immutable. [2]
Since the append procedure must completely copy all of its arguments except the last, both its time and space complexity are O() for a list of elements. It may thus be a source of inefficiency if used injudiciously in code.