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The carbon–fluorine bond of the smaller molecules is formed in three principal ways: Fluorine replaces a halogen or hydrogen, or adds across a multiple bond. The direct reaction of hydrocarbons with fluorine gas can be dangerously reactive, so the temperature may need to be lowered even to −150 °C (−240 °F). [115] "
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Reactions of elemental fluorine with metals require varying conditions. Alkali metals cause explosions and alkaline earth metals display vigorous activity in bulk; to prevent passivation from the formation of metal fluoride layers, most other metals such as aluminium and iron must be powdered, [ 21 ] and noble metals require pure fluorine gas ...
The reaction mixture was warmed to 25°, 50 mL of water was added, and the lower organic layer was separated and dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate and distilled to give 12.0 g (90%) of 1-fluorooctane as a colorless liquid, bp 42–43° (20 mm). 19 F NMR (CCl 3 F): -218.8 ppm (tt, 2 J = 49 Hz, 3 J = 25 Hz). [18]
Fluoride (/ ˈ f l ʊər aɪ d, ˈ f l ɔːr-/) [3] is an inorganic, monatomic anion of fluorine, with the chemical formula F − (also written [F] −), whose salts are typically white or colorless. Fluoride salts typically have distinctive bitter tastes, and are odorless.
An individual reaction can be described as: R 3 C–H + HF → R 3 C–F + H 2. In the course of a typical synthesis, this reaction occurs once for each C–H bond in the precursor. The cell potential is maintained near 5–6 V. The anode is nickel-plated.
In addition, the fluorine substituents in polyfluorinated compounds efficiently shield the carbon skeleton from possible attacking reagents. This is another reason for the high chemical stability of polyfluorinated compounds. Fluorine has the highest electronegativity of all elements: 3.98. [1] This causes the high dipole moment of C-F bond (1. ...
The mechanism of electrophilic fluorination remains controversial. At issue is whether the reaction proceeds via an S N 2 or single-electron transfer (SET) process. In support of the S N 2 mechanism, aryl Grignard reagents and aryllithiums give similar yields of fluorobenzene in combination with N-fluoro-o-benzenedisulfonimide (NFOBS), even though the tendencies of these reagents to ...