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Characeae is a family of freshwater green algae in the order Charales, commonly known as stoneworts. They are also known as brittleworts or skunkweed , from the fragility of their lime-encrusted stems, and from the foul odor these produce when stepped on.
Charales is an order of freshwater green algae in the division Charophyta, class Charophyceae, commonly known as stoneworts. Depending on the treatment of the genus Nitellopsis , living (extant) species are placed into either one family ( Characeae ) or two (Characeae and Feistiellaceae ).
Chara is a genus of charophyte green algae in the family Characeae. They are multicellular and superficially resemble land plants because of stem-like and leaf-like structures. They are found in freshwater, particularly in limestone areas throughout the northern temperate zone, where they grow submerged, attached to the muddy bottom.
The Zygnematophyceae, formerly known as the Conjugatophyceae, generally possess two fairly elaborate chloroplasts in each cell, rather than many discoid ones. They reproduce asexually by the development of a septum between the two cell-halves or semi-cells (in unicellular forms, each daughter-cell develops the other semi-cell afresh) and sexually by conjugation, or the fusion of the entire ...
The Drosophilidae are a diverse, cosmopolitan family of flies, which includes species called fruit flies, although they are more accurately referred to as vinegar or pomace flies. [1] Another distantly related family of flies, Tephritidae , are true fruit flies because they are frugivorous, and include apple maggot flies and many pests.
Unlike humans, the sex and physical appearance of fruit flies is not influenced by hormones. [16] The appearance and sex of fruit flies is determined only by genetic information. [16] Female fruit flies are substantially larger than male fruit flies, with females having bodies that are up to 30% larger than an adult male. [17] [18]
Some fruit flies show Batesian mimicry, bearing the colors and markings of dangerous arthropods such as wasps or jumping spiders because it helps the fruit flies avoid predation, though the flies lack stingers. Adult tephritid fruit flies are often found on the host plant and feeding on pollen, nectar, rotting plant debris, or honeydew.
Genera such as Rhynia have a similar life-cycle but have simple tracheids and so are a kind of vascular plant. [44] It was assumed that the gametophyte dominant phase seen in bryophytes used to be the ancestral condition in terrestrial plants, and that the sporophyte dominant stage in vascular plants was a derived trait.