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This rod-shaped bacterium has the ability to produce high levels of urease, which hydrolyzes urea to ammonia (NH 3), so makes the urine more alkaline. Prolonged increased alkalinity can lead to the formation of crystals of struvite , calcium carbonate , and/or apatite , which can result in struvite kidney stones.
Nitrofurantoin cannot be used to treat infections other than simple cystitis. At the concentrations achieved in urine (>100 μg/mL), nitrofurantoin is a bactericide. It is bacteriostatic against most susceptible organisms at concentrations less than 32 μg/mL. [9] Nitrofurantoin and the quinolone antibiotics are mutually antagonistic in vitro ...
GBS urinary tract infections, more than 100.000 CFU (colony forming units) /mL, may induce labour in pregnant women and cause premature delivery (preterm birth) and miscarriage and requires antibiotic treatment. The presence of GBS in the urine in any colony count is a marker of heavy GBS colonization and an indication for Intrapartum ...
Mitomycin C is a potent DNA crosslinker.A single crosslink per genome has shown to be effective in killing bacteria. This is accomplished by reductive activation of mitomycin to form a mitosene, which reacts successively via N-alkylation of two DNA bases.
Normal excretion of uric acid in the urine is 270 to 360 mg per day (concentration of 270 to 360 mg/L if one litre of urine is produced per day – higher than the solubility of uric acid because it is in the form of dissolved acid urates), roughly 1% as much as the daily excretion of urea. [20]
2-Acetylaminofluorene (AAF, [4] 2-AAF) is a carcinogenic and mutagenic derivative of fluorene.It is used as a biochemical tool in the study of carcinogenesis.It induces tumors in a number of species in the liver, bladder and kidney.
Urinary excretion of the methylated metabolite N1-methyl-nicotinamide is considered reliable and sensitive. The measurement requires a 24-hour urine collection. For adults, a value of less than 5.8 μmol/day represent deficient niacin status and 5.8 to 17.5 μmol/day represents low. [6]
Hexobarbital or hexobarbitone, sold both in acid and sodium salt forms as Citopan, Evipan, and Tobinal, is a barbiturate derivative having hypnotic and sedative effects. It was used in the 1940s and 1950s as an agent for inducing anesthesia for surgery, as well as a rapid-acting, short-lasting hypnotic for general use, and has a relatively fast onset of effects and short duration of action. [1]