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In propositional logic, modus tollens (/ ˈ m oʊ d ə s ˈ t ɒ l ɛ n z /) (MT), also known as modus tollendo tollens (Latin for "mode that by denying denies") [2] and denying the consequent, [3] is a deductive argument form and a rule of inference. Modus tollens is a mixed hypothetical syllogism that takes the form of "If P, then Q. Not Q ...
In a fuzzy rule, modus ponens is extended to generalised modus ponens:. [2] Premise: x is A* Implication: IF x is A THEN y is B Consequent: y is B* The key difference is that the premise x is A can be only partially true. As a result, the consequent y is B is also partially true.
This is the modus ponens rule of propositional logic. Rules of inference are often formulated as schemata employing metavariables . [ 2 ] In the rule (schema) above, the metavariables A and B can be instantiated to any element of the universe (or sometimes, by convention, a restricted subset such as propositions ) to form an infinite set of ...
A modus operandi (often shortened to M.O. or MO) is an individual's habits of working, particularly in the context of business or criminal investigations, but also generally. It is a Latin phrase, approximately translated as ' mode (or manner) of operating ' .
In statistics, the mode is the value that appears most often in a set of data values. [1] If X is a discrete random variable, the mode is the value x at which the probability mass function takes its maximum value (i.e., x=argmax x i P(X = x i)).
Modulus is the diminutive from the Latin word modus meaning measure or manner. It, or its plural moduli, may refer to the following: Physics, engineering and computing
Modus ponens is a mixed hypothetical syllogism and is closely related to another valid form of argument, modus tollens. Both have apparently similar but invalid forms: affirming the consequent and denying the antecedent. Constructive dilemma is the disjunctive version of modus ponens. The history of modus ponens goes back to antiquity. [4]
Modulo is a mathematical jargon that was introduced into mathematics in the book Disquisitiones Arithmeticae by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1801. [3] Given the integers a, b and n, the expression "a ≡ b (mod n)", pronounced "a is congruent to b modulo n", means that a − b is an integer multiple of n, or equivalently, a and b both share the same remainder when divided by n.