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The term benchmark, bench mark, or survey benchmark originates from the chiseled horizontal marks that surveyors made in stone structures, into which an angle iron could be placed to form a "bench" for a leveling rod, thus ensuring that a leveling rod could be accurately repositioned in the same place in the future.
National survey departments of each country determine RLs of significantly important locations or points. These points are called permanent benchmarks and this survey process is known as Great Trigonometrical Surveying (GTS). The permanent benchmarks act as reference points for determining RLs of other locations in a particular country. [4] [5 ...
Survey markers, also called survey marks, survey monuments, or geodetic marks, are objects placed to mark key survey points on the Earth's surface. They are used in geodetic and land surveying . A benchmark is a type of survey marker that indicates elevation ( vertical position ).
The Journal of Surveying Engineering is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Society of Civil Engineers. It covers traditional areas of surveying and mapping , as well as new developments such as satellite positioning and navigation, computer applications, and digital mapping.
The American Congress on Surveying and Mapping (ACSM) was an American professional association representing the interests of those engaged in measuring and communicating geospatial data. [1] Originally, it was composed of four organizations: American Association for Geodetic Surveying (AAGS) National Society of Professional Surveyors (NSPS)
It is an Australian magazine of surveying, mapping and geo-information while Geo-message is a monthly newsletter. The Journal of Spatial Science is an academic journal owned jointly by SSSI and Mapping Sciences Institute, Australia. This journal publishes original peer-reviewed research and review papers that contribute to the theory and ...
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This is a list of notable peer-reviewed academic journals related to urban, regional, land-use, transportation and environmental planning and to urban studies, regional science. Articulo – Journal of Urban Research