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Soil liquefaction occurs when a cohesionless saturated or partially saturated soil substantially loses strength and stiffness in response to an applied stress such as shaking during an earthquake or other sudden change in stress condition, in which material that is ordinarily a solid behaves like a liquid.
1912 Itai-itai disease, due to cadmium poisoning in Japan; 1948 Donora smog; 1952 The Great Smog in London; 1962 to 1970 Mercury contamination in Grassy Narrows; 1970 Ontario Minamata disease in Canada; 1976 Seveso disaster, chemical plant explosion, caused highest known exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in residential ...
A lahar travels down a river valley in Guatemala near the Santa Maria volcano, 1989. A lahar (/ ˈ l ɑː h ɑːr /, from Javanese: ꦮ꧀ꦭꦲꦂ) is a violent type of mudflow or debris flow composed of a slurry of pyroclastic material, rocky debris and water.
Both surface deformation and faulting and shaking-related geological effects (e.g., soil liquefaction, landslides) not only leave permanent imprints in the environment, but also dramatically affect human structures. Moreover, underwater fault ruptures and seismically triggered landslides can generate tsunami waves.
These are lists of disasters caused by deliberate human action or public endangerment or culpable negligence.. List of amusement park accidents; List of economic crises; List of environmental disasters
The final result was that the ionic 'glue' of the clay was weakened, to give a weak, loose soil skeleton, enclosing significant amounts of water (high sensitivity with high moisture content). Quick clay deposits are rarely located directly at the ground surface, but are typically covered by a normal layer of topsoil.
An example of this is during the 1989 earthquake in San Francisco when sand boils brought up debris from the 1906 earthquake. This process is a result of liquefaction. By mapping the location of sand boils that erupted in the Marina District during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, scientists discovered the site of a lagoon that existed in 1906.
The low permeable soil traps the water in the shallower soil generating high water pressures. As the top soil is filled with water, it can become unstable and slide downslope. Deep-seated landslide on a mountain in Sehara, Kihō , Japan caused by torrential rain of Tropical Storm Talas Landslide of soil and regolith in Pakistan