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A four-wheel drive, also called 4×4 ("four by four") or 4WD, is a two-axled vehicle drivetrain capable of providing torque to all of its wheels simultaneously. It may be full-time or on-demand, and is typically linked via a transfer case providing an additional output drive shaft and, in many instances, additional gear ranges. A four-wheel ...
The original quattro centre differential (1980). Volkswagen Group has been developing four-wheel drive (4WD) systems almost since its inception during the Second World War.The Volkswagen Kübelwagen, Volkswagen Schwimmwagen, and Volkswagen Kommandeurswagen were all military vehicles which required all four road wheels to be "driven", the latter being a 4WD Volkswagen Beetle.
The Quadra-Drive system was introduced in 1999 and is based on the Quadra-Trac II system but adds gerotor differentials to the front and rear axles to create a four-wheel drive system capable of not only directing torque to the axle with the better traction but to the individual wheel on an axle with better traction.
F = Four wheel drive; ... 4 5 6 R Torque converter ratio 3.741 2.003 1.343 1.000 0.773 ... 2014–2019 Cadillac CTS (with a 2.85 final drive ratio)
Variable Torque Distribution (VTD) AWD was first presented in 1991, with the addition of Vehicle Dynamics Control (VDC) in 1998, allowing for better control of the all-wheel drive system. [4] Modern implementations of SAWD are used in conjunction with VDC, ABS, and traction control for enhanced handling performance.
This happened in 1993 for trucks, vans, and SUVs, and 1994 for rear wheel drive passenger cars. In 1996, a bolt-on bell housing was phased in (along with a six-bolt tailhousing) for S-10 Trucks and S-10 Blazers and beginning in 1998 for all other applications. Beginning in 1998 a new 300mm torque converter with improved higher-capacity ...
ControlTrac four-wheel drive is the brand name of a selectable automatic full-time four-wheel drive system offered by Ford Motor Company. The four-wheel drive system was designed and developed at BorgWarner under its TorqTransfer Systems division in the mid 1980s. [1] [2] [3] BorgWarner calls the system Torque-On-Demand (TOD).
Like the W56, it came in both 2-wheel and 4-wheel drive versions. This model appears to have a combination of ratios used in older models of the W-series. 1st and 2nd are low ratios like in the W56 for use to get a heavy vehicle moving. 3rd ratio is the same as in the W57/W58 for a lower rpm drop between 3rd & 4th useful in high-speed acceleration.