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The inboard (chassis) end of a control arm is attached by a single pivot, usually a rubber bushing. It can thus control the position of the outboard end in only a single degree of freedom, maintaining the radial distance from the inboard mount. Although not deliberately free to move, the single bushing does not control the arm from moving back ...
The F30 sedan debuted at the 2012 Geneva Motor Show in March 2012 [12] and was the first of the sixth generation 3 Series models to go on sale. [13] Early models included the 328i and 335i and (post LCI) later models included the 330i and 340i.
Land Rover South Africa offered a unique Defender during the period the group was owned by BMW. Between 1997 and 2001, the Defender 90 and 110 were offered with a BMW petrol engine alongside the normal Tdi engine. [14] The engine was the BMW M52 2793 cc, straight-six, 24-valve engine as found in the BMW 328i, 528i, 728i, and the Z3. [14]
An early prototype iDrive (called the Intuitive Interaction Concept) was featured on the BMW Z9 concept in 1999. The production version debuted in September 2001 in the BMW 7 Series (E65) and was built on the VxWorks kernel [4] while the Navigation computer used Microsoft Windows CE for Automotive; [5] this can be seen when the system reboots or restarts after a software crash, displaying a ...