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The 1990s also saw the further development of the euro. 1 January 1994 saw the second stage of the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union begin with the establishment of the European Monetary Institute and at the start of 1999 the euro as a currency was launched and the European Central Bank was established. On 1 January 2002, notes ...
The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of 27 member states that are located primarily in Europe. [9] [10] [11] The Union has a total area of 4,233,255 km 2 (1,634,469 sq mi) and an estimated total population of over 449 million.
By the 1810s, the first labour organizations to bring together workers of divergent occupations were formed. Possibly the first such union was the General Union of Trades, also known as the Philanthropic Society, founded in 1818 in Manchester. The latter name was to hide the organization's real purpose in a time when trade unions were still ...
Unionization is the creation and growth of modern trade unions.Trade unions were often seen as a left-wing, socialist concept, [1] whose popularity has increased during the 19th century when a rise in industrial capitalism saw a decrease in motives for up-keeping workers' rights.
Ancient concepts of European unity were generally undemocratic, and founded on domination, like the Empire of Alexander the Great, the Roman Empire, or the Catholic Church controlled by the Pope in Rome. "Europe" as a cultural sphere is first used during the Carolingian dynasty to encompass the Latin Church (as opposed to Eastern Orthodoxy).
The Communities originally had independent personalities although they were increasingly integrated, and over the years were transformed into what is now called the European Union. The six states that founded the three Communities were known as the " inner six " (the "outer seven" were those countries who formed the European Free Trade ...
1992 – Maastricht Treaty formally called the Treaty on European Union - The European Union is born and Euro was introduced as the fellow currency (Denmark and the UK are not included in the EMU (European Monetary Union)). 1993 – Copenhagen criteria defined; 1995 – Accession of Austria, Finland and Sweden; Schengen area established
The largest union confederation in Europe is the German Confederation of Trade Unions. Usually there are at least two national union confederations, one for academically educated and one for branches with lower education level. The largest Swedish union confederation is the blue-collar Swedish Trade Union Confederation (Landsorganisationen, or