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In SGML, HTML and XML documents, the logical constructs known as character data and attribute values consist of sequences of characters, in which each character can manifest directly (representing itself), or can be represented by a series of characters called a character reference, of which there are two types: a numeric character reference and a character entity reference.
Incorrect HTML entity escaping may also open up security vulnerabilities for injection attacks such as cross-site scripting. If HTML attributes are left unquoted, certain characters, most importantly whitespace, such as space and tab, must be escaped using entities. Other languages related to HTML have their own methods of escaping characters.
Web pages authored using HyperText Markup Language may contain multilingual text represented with the Unicode universal character set.Key to the relationship between Unicode and HTML is the relationship between the "document character set", which defines the set of characters that may be present in an HTML document and assigns numbers to them, and the "external character encoding", or "charset ...
HTML markup consists of several key components, including those called tags (and their attributes), character-based data types, character references and entity references. HTML tags most commonly come in pairs like < h1 > and </ h1 > , although some represent empty elements and so are unpaired, for example < img > .
HTML standards prior to HTML 4 supported only Western Latin script documents: the treatment of character references above #7F may vary between applications and national conventions. For example, as mentioned above, the correct numeric character reference for the Euro sign "€" U+20AC when using Unicode is decimal € and hexadecimal €.
HTML and XML provide ways to reference Unicode characters when the characters themselves either cannot or should not be used. A numeric character reference refers to a character by its Universal Character Set / Unicode code point , and a character entity reference refers to a character by a predefined name.
In SGML, XML, and HTML, the ampersand is used to introduce an SGML entity, such as (for non-breaking space) or α (for the Greek letter α). The HTML and XML encoding for the ampersand character is the entity &. [38] This can create a problem known as delimiter collision when converting text into one of these markup languages.
HTML value (decimal) HTML entity (named) LaTeX symbol ... Using HTML style “4̅” is an abbreviation for the standard numeral “SSSS0”. ... the sign for the ...