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When Genghis Khan came to power in the early 13th century, the Yenisei Kyrgyz submitted peacefully to him and were absorbed into his Mongol Empire, putting an end to their independent state. During the time of the Mongol Empire, the territory of the Yenisei Kyrgyz in northern Mongolia was turned into an agricultural colony called Kem-Kemchik.
The first written mention of the Yenisei River, as "Kem", dates back to the 7th century in Tang Dynasty China, at the time of contact with Yenisei Kyrgyz of this region. The word Jian shui (劔水, "Jian River") [ 31 ] [ 32 ] appears in Book of Zhou , vol. 50, and History of the Northern Dynasties , vol. 99, while Jian he (劍河, "Jian River ...
Some Kyrgyz return to Yenisei region and some flee to present-day Kyrgyzstan. 932 Saltuk Buğra Khan of Karakhanids convert to Islam. The first Turkic monarch to do so. 940 Byzantine-Kievan Rus' alliance against Khazars. Khazar Khanate loses Crimea. 941 Gansu state (Sari Uyghurs) becomes vassal of China. 960
The Mongol Empire (1206-1294/1368) was the largest contiguous empire and the second largest empire overall in world history. It emerged from the unification of Mongol and Turkic tribes in modern-day Mongolia , and grew through invasion, after Genghis Khan had been proclaimed ruler of all Mongols in 1206.
Yenisei inscriptions used unique letters instead of some of the Orkhon letters that we see in Orkhon inscriptions. These are more primitive than the letters used in Orkhon inscriptions. The texts used in the inscriptions are also primitive compared to the Orkhon inscriptions and there are no long texts since all are tombstones.
The earliest records of Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate were written during the Tang dynasty.The Kyrgyz did not keep reliable written records during this period. Before 201 BC, Xiongnu chanyu Modun conquered the Kyrgyzes, then known to Chinese as Gekun (鬲昆), along with the Hunyu (渾庾), Qushe (屈射), Dingling (丁零), and Xinli (薪犁).
Despite this, Yeniseian languages played a significant role in Chinese, Mongolian, and Central Asian history. Both the ruling elite of the Xiongnu and that of the Later Zhao dynasty appear to have spoken, at least partially, Yeniseic. It has been suggested that the part of the Xiongnu underwent a linguistic shift from Yeniseian to Turkic.
The Tang dynasty surreptitiously encouraged the Yenisei Kirghiz and the Karluks to attack the Uyghurs and the Uyghur Khaganate fell under an invasion of the Yenisei Kirghiz in 840. The destruction of Uyghur Khaganate by Yenisei Kirghizes resulted in the end of Turkic dominance in Mongolia. According to historians, Kirghiz were not interested in ...