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Several fluorescent molecules can be used simultaneously (given that they do not overlap, cf. FRET), whereas with radioactivity two isotopes can be used (tritium and a low energy isotope, e.g. 33 P due to different intensities) but require special equipment (a tritium screen and a regular phosphor-imaging screen, a specific dual channel ...
Exposure can be from a source of radiation external to the human body or due to internal irradiation caused by the ingestion of radioactive contamination. Ionizing radiation is widely used in industry and medicine, and can present a significant health hazard by causing microscopic damage to living tissue.
The additional radioactivity in the biosphere caused by human activity due to the releases of man-made radioactivity and of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) can be divided into several classes. Normal licensed releases which occur during the regular operation of a plant or process handling man-made radioactive materials.
Neutron (n) radiation consists of free neutrons that are blocked by light elements, like hydrogen, which slow and/or capture them. Not shown: galactic cosmic rays that consist of energetic charged nuclei such as protons, helium nuclei, and high-charged nuclei called HZE ions. Cloud chambers are used to visualize ionizing radiation. This image ...
Tritium is the only radiation source used in radioluminescent light sources today due to its low radiological toxicity and commercial availability. [3] Various preparations of the phosphor compound can be used to produce different colors of light. For example, doping zinc sulfide phosphor with different metals can change the emission wavelength ...
Radiobiology experiments typically make use of a radiation source which could be: An isotopic source, typically 137 Cs or 60 Co. A particle accelerator generating high energy protons, electrons or charged ions. Biological samples can be irradiated using either a broad, uniform beam, [27] or using a microbeam, focused down to cellular or ...
Radioactive decay is a random process at the level of single atoms. According to quantum theory, it is impossible to predict when a particular atom will decay, regardless of how long the atom has existed. [2] [3] [4] However, for a significant number of identical atoms, the overall decay rate can be expressed as a decay constant or as a half-life.
Journal of Environmental Radioactivity is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal on environmental radioactivity and radioecology. It was proposed and started by Founding Editor Murdoch Baxter in 1984 and is published by Elsevier .