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The Chams (Cham: ꨌꩌ, چام, cam), or Champa people (Cham: ꨂꨣꩃ ꨌꩌꨛꨩ, اوراڠ چمڤا, Urang Campa; [8] Vietnamese: Người Chăm or Người Chàm; Khmer: ជនជាតិចាម, Chônchéatĕ Cham), are an Austronesian ethnic group in Southeast Asia and are the original inhabitants of central Vietnam and coastal Cambodia before the arrival of the Cambodians and ...
Most Cham are now evenly split between being followers of Islam and Hinduism, with the majority of Central Vietnam Cham being Ahier and Bani, while the majority of Cambodian Chams and Mekong Delta Chams are Sunni Muslim (also called Cham Baruw, meaning "new Cham"), [181] though significant minorities of Mahayana Buddhists continue to exist.
Today, the Chams are recognized as one of official 54 ethnic groups in Vietnam. [160] Ethnic Chams in the Mekong Delta have also been economically marginalized and pushed into poverty by Vietnamese policies, with ethnic Vietnamese Kinh settling on majority Cham land with state support, and religious practices of minorities have been targeted ...
The Chams of the ancient Champa kingdoms along the south-central coast of Vietnam originally practiced Hinduism. Today, the Central Chams of Vietnam consistof two groups: the Balamon Chams, who practice an indigenized form of Hinduism, and the Bani Chams, who practice and indigenized form of Islam. [60]
Many Chams believed that the Vietnamese government would never allow any official researches over the Cham history in fear of possible uprising against Vietnamese rule by the Cham population. [11] However, due to the small size of Cham population today, it often meets with strong counter-argument from the Vietnamese side.
The Chams decided to stop assisting the Khmers by the 1138 campaign, so the Khmers targeted Champa instead. [17] [18] 9 Cham–Vietnamese War (1150) Lý Anh Tông of Đại Việt decided to interfere Champa by supporting rebel factions, but was defeated. Cham victory under Jaya Harivarman I at the battle of Battle of Mỹ Sơn. [19] 10
Po Rome, the king of Champa ruled from 1627 to 1651, who harmonized Hindu and Muslim factions, forced peace between Chams communities under his reign. [9]: 162–164 Po Rome was the 'first highland king' of the Cham people of Southeast Asia and the 'last figure to be deified' and have a Cham tower dedicated to his worship. [9]: 156
However, in Vietnam, Hindu Chams who are known as Balamon Chams who make the minority of the Chams in Vietnam. [6] Hindu Chams are called Balamon Cham or Balamon Hindu. [7] They practice a form of Shaivite Hinduism. [8] [better source needed] [9] [10] The exact number of Balamon Cham Hindus in Vietnam are not published in Government census, but ...