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This is a list including all rulers who had carried the title of emperor or who ruled over an empire through history. Some titles meaning "emperor" might not have been used in the context like "padishah" under the Kingdom of Afghanistan or "tsar" under Kingdom of Bulgaria .
Coin of Pescennius Niger, a Roman usurper who claimed imperial power AD 193–194. Legend: IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVST AVG. While the imperial government of the Roman Empire was rarely called into question during its five centuries in the west and fifteen centuries in the east, individual emperors often faced unending challenges in the form of usurpation and perpetual civil wars. [30]
Emperor of Haiti: Faustin I: 1782–1867 84 y. Olive Soulouque: Mexico: 1864–1867 Constitutional: Hereditary (male-line primogeniture) Habsburg: Emperor of Mexico: Maximilian I: 1832–1867 34 y. Agustín de Iturbide y Green: Suriname: 1954–1975 Constitutional: Hereditary (male-preference cognatic primogeniture) Orange-Nassau: Queen of the ...
Emperor of the French: 20 April 1808 : 2 December 1852: 4 September 1870: Abdication (Third Republic declared) 9 January 1873 : Guatemala: Augustine I Emperor of Mexico: 27 September 1783 : 19 May 1822 : 19 March 1823 : Abdication (Republic declared) 19 July 1824 : Haiti: Faustin I Emperor of Haïti: 1782 : 26 August 1849 : 15 January 1859 ...
Benin Empire: 1180: 1897: 717 Bogd Khanate of Mongolia/Great Mongolian State 1911 1924 7 (broken up from 1915 to 1921) Bornu Empire: 1380: 1893: 513 Empire of Brazil: 1822: 1889: 67 Britannic Empire: 286: 296: 10 British Empire: 1583: 1997: 414 Bruneian Empire: 1368: 1888: 520 Bukhara Empire: 1501: 1785: 284 Bulgarian Empire (Great Bulgaria ...
Within the HRE, those holding the following ranks who were also sovereigns had (enjoyed) what was known as an immediate relationship with the Emperor. Those holding non-sovereign ranks held only a mediate relationship (meaning that the civil hierarchy upwards was mediated by one or more intermediaries between the rank holder and the Emperor).
20th century (1951–2000) 20th century (1901–1950) 20th-century British South Asia; 19th century (1851–1900) 19th century (1801–1850) 19th-century Holy Roman Empire
The exact term "Holy Roman Empire" was not used until the 13th century, before which the empire was referred to variously as universum regnum ("the whole kingdom", as opposed to the regional kingdoms), imperium christianum ("Christian empire"), or Romanum imperium ("Roman empire"), [29] but the Emperor's legitimacy always rested on the concept ...