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February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Concrete sealers are applied to concrete to protect it from surface damage, corrosion , and staining. They either block the pores in the concrete to reduce absorption of water and salts or form an impermeable layer which prevents such materials from passing.
Fumed silica with surface area of 130 m 2 /g . Fumed silica (CAS number 7631-86-9, also 112945-52-5), also known as pyrogenic silica because it is produced in a flame, consists of microscopic droplets of amorphous silica fused into branched, chainlike, three-dimensional secondary particles which then agglomerate into tertiary particles.
The alkali–silica reaction (ASR), also commonly known as concrete cancer, [3] is a deleterious internal swelling reaction that occurs over time in concrete between the highly alkaline cement paste and the reactive amorphous (i.e., non-crystalline) silica found in many common aggregates, given sufficient moisture.
Silica fume is similar to fly ash, but has a particle size 100 times smaller. This results in a higher surface-to-volume ratio and a much faster pozzolanic reaction. Silica fume is used to increase strength and durability of concrete, but generally requires the use of superplasticizers for workability. [63]
Silica fume is an ultrafine material with spherical particles less than 1 μm in diameter, the average being about 0.15 μm. This makes it approximately 100 times smaller than the average cement particle. [4] The bulk density of silica fume depends on the degree of densification in the silo and varies from 130 (undensified) to 600 kg/m 3. The ...
Another factor in stain removal is the fact that stains can sometimes comprise two separate staining agents, which require separate forms of removal. A machine oil stain could also contain traces of metal, for example. [1] Also of concern is the color of the material that is stained. Some stain removal agents will not only dissolve the stain ...