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A giant star has a substantially larger radius and luminosity than a main-sequence (or dwarf) star of the same surface temperature. [1] They lie above the main sequence (luminosity class V in the Yerkes spectral classification) on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram and correspond to luminosity classes II and III. [2]
Widely recognised as being among the largest known stars, [21] radius decreased to ~500 R ☉ during the 2020 great dimming event. [75] R Horologii: 630 [60] L/T eff: A red giant star with one of the largest ranges in brightness known of stars in the night sky visible to the unaided eye. Despite its large radius, it is less massive than the Sun.
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The list specifically excludes both white dwarfs – former stars that are now seen to be "dead" but radiating residual heat – and black holes – fragmentary remains of exploded stars which have gravitationally collapsed, even though accretion disks surrounding those black holes might generate heat or light exterior to the star's remains ...
The nearest white giant. Capella A 42.919 ± 0.049 [9] G8III [9] 11.98 ± 0.57 [9] 2.569 ± 0.007 [9] 0.03 [10] The nearest yellow giant, together with Capella A. With a magnitude of 0.08, [11] the Capella star system is the 6th-brightest star in the night sky. Capella B G0III [9] 8.83 ± 0.33 [9] 2.483 ± 0.007 [9] 0.16 [10] The nearest yellow ...
The phase where these stars have both hydrogen and helium burning shells is referred to as the asymptotic giant branch (AGB), as stars gradually become more and more luminous class M stars. Stars of 8-10 M ☉ may fuse sufficient carbon on the AGB to produce an oxygen-neon core and an electron-capture supernova , but astrophysicists categorise ...
Some of the brightest stars in the night sky, such as Rigel and Antares, are in the list. While supergiants are typically defined as stars with luminosity classes Ia, Iab or Ib, other definitions exist, such as those based on stellar evolution. [1] Therefore, stars with other luminosity classes can sometimes be considered supergiants.
These stars are only 5–10 times the radius of the Sun (R ☉), compared to red giants which are up to 300 R ☉. The coolest and least luminous stars referred to as blue giants are on the horizontal branch, intermediate-mass stars that have passed through a red giant phase and are now burning helium in their cores.