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Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) occurs when a human fetus is infected with the rubella virus (German measles) via maternal-fetal transmission and develops birth defects. [1] The most common congenital defects affect the ophthalmologic, cardiac, auditory, and neurologic systems.
Rubella is a common infection in many areas of the world. [2] Each year about 100,000 cases of congenital rubella syndrome occur. [3] Rates of disease have decreased in many areas as a result of vaccination. [2] [7] There are ongoing efforts to eliminate the disease globally. [3]
Congenital rubella syndrome; Stickler syndrome; Trisomy 13; Acquired deafblindness: condition of deafblindness developed later in life Genetic conditions (evident at a later stage in life) [10]: 37–49 Usher syndrome; Alport syndrome; Age-related loss of modality (vision or auditory or both) [11] Illness, such as meningitis; Somatic injuries ...
The most common type of congenital hearing loss in developed countries is DFNB1, also known as connexin 26 deafness or GJB2-related deafness. The most common dominant syndromic forms of hearing loss include Stickler syndrome and Waardenburg syndrome. The most common recessive syndromic forms of hearing loss are Pendred syndrome and Usher syndrome.
Other causes of congenital hearing loss that are not hereditary in nature include prenatal infections, illnesses, toxins consumed by the mother during pregnancy or other conditions occurring at the time of birth or shortly thereafter. These conditions typically cause sensorineural hearing loss ranging from mild to profound in degree. [3]
Hearing loss is a partial or total inability to hear. [5] Hearing loss may be present at birth or acquired at any time afterwards. [6] [7] Hearing loss may occur in one or both ears. [2] In children, hearing problems can affect the ability to acquire spoken language, and in adults it can create difficulties with social interaction and at work. [8]