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Horses are usually affected on the back, head, and neck where insects commonly bite, and the legs, which are commonly infected if the horse is kept in moist footing. [3] Initially, the horse will display a matted coat and bumps which will progress to crusty scabs and lesions. [4] The animal may also be pruritic and display signs of discomfort.
As vector patterns change with warming temperatures, C. pseudotuberculosis in horses is re-emerging in the United States. [2] This bacterial species has caused occasional cases of infection in people who work closely with infected small ruminants, resulting in similar swellings of the lymph nodes in the neck and groin.
The organism is commonly found in dry and dusty soil and can be important for diseases of domesticated animals (horses and goats). The frequency of infection can reach near 60%. [1] R. equi is an important pathogen causing pneumonia in foals. Since 2008, R. equi has been known to infect wild boar and domestic pigs. [2]
The bacteria most commonly involved are streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus. [1] In contrast to cellulitis, erysipelas is a bacterial infection involving the more superficial layers of the skin, present with an area of redness with well-defined edges, and more often is associated with a fever. [1]
From the Greek derma (skin) + philos (loving), Dermatophilus congolensis is a Gram-positive, aerobic actinomycete, and facultatively anaerobic bacteria. D. congolensis infects the epidermis and produces exudative dermatitis termed dermatophilosis that was previously known as rain rot, rain scald, streptotrichosis, and mycotic dermatitis.
Over time, a horse builds up enough antibodies to overtake and fight the disease. Other treatment options can be applying heat packs to abscesses to help draw infection to the surface and using drawing salves such as Ichthammol. A blood test or bacterial cultures can be taken to confirm the horse is fighting pigeon fever. [3]