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  2. List of price index formulas - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_price_index_formulas

    The Marshall-Edgeworth index, credited to Marshall (1887) and Edgeworth (1925), [11] is a weighted relative of current period to base period sets of prices. This index uses the arithmetic average of the current and based period quantities for weighting. It is considered a pseudo-superlative formula and is symmetric. [12]

  3. Increased limit factor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Increased_limit_factor

    Often, limited data is available to determine appropriate charges for high limits of insurance. In order to price policies with high limits of insurance adequately, actuaries may first determine a "basic limit" premium and then apply increased limits factors. The basic limit is a lower limit of liability under which there is a more credible ...

  4. Törnqvist index - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Törnqvist_index

    For example, a Törnqvist index summarizing labor input may weigh the growth rate of the hours of each group of workers by the share of labor compensation they receive. [7] The Törnqvist index is a superlative index, meaning it can approximate any smooth production or cost function. "Smooth" here means that small changes in relative prices for ...

  5. Index (economics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_(economics)

    Index numbers are used especially to compare business activity, the cost of living, and employment. They enable economists to reduce unwieldy business data into easily understood terms. In contrast to a cost-of-living index based on the true but unknown utility function, a superlative index number is an index number that can be calculated. [1]

  6. Beneish M-score - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beneish_M-Score

    Beneish M-score is a probabilistic model, so it cannot detect companies that manipulate their earnings with 100% accuracy. Financial institutions were excluded from the sample in Beneish paper when calculating M-score since these institutions make money through different routes.

  7. Bühlmann model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bühlmann_model

    In credibility theory, a branch of study in actuarial science, the Bühlmann model is a random effects model (or "variance components model" or hierarchical linear model) used to determine the appropriate premium for a group of insurance contracts. The model is named after Hans Bühlmann who first published a description in 1967.

  8. Microsoft Excel - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel

    Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet editor developed by Microsoft for Windows, macOS, Android, iOS and iPadOS.It features calculation or computation capabilities, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications (VBA).

  9. Divisia index - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisia_index

    A Divisia index is a theoretical construct to create index number series for continuous-time data on prices and quantities of goods exchanged. The name comes from François Divisia who first proposed and formally analyzed the indexes in 1926, and discussed them in related 1925 and 1928 works.