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Refractometry [ edit ] Standard refractometers measure the extent of light refraction (as part of a refractive index) of transparent substances in either a liquid this is then used in order to identify a liquid sample, analyze the sample's purity, and determine the amount or concentration of dissolved substances within the sample.
Refractometry is also used in the gelatin industry. To convert the RI of a gelatin sol (reported in Brix) to a gelatin concentration, one need only multiply by eight-tenths (0.8). A sol with a 10.0 RI would therefore be 8% gelatin by weight. This is known to be a reliable conversion for gelatin sols as low as 1% up to over 50%.
Neodymium(III) oxide has a low-temperature trigonal A form in space group P 3 m1. [7] This structure type is favoured by the early lanthanides. [8] [9] At higher temperatures it adopts two other forms, the hexagonal H form in space group P6 3 /mmc and the cubic X form in Im 3 m. The high-temperature forms exhibit crystallographic disorder. [10 ...
Evaporating the resulting solution yields hydrated neodymium(III) nitrate, where the hexahydrate form is the most common. Heating the hexahydrate further will obtain the anhydrous form. Reacting neodymium(III) chloride with sodium arsenate in solution would obtain neodymium(III) arsenate, [10] which is a faint pink powder that is insoluble in ...
The most general form of Cauchy's equation is n ( λ ) = A + B λ 2 + C λ 4 + ⋯ , {\displaystyle n(\lambda )=A+{\frac {B}{\lambda ^{2}}}+{\frac {C}{\lambda ^{4}}}+\cdots ,} where n is the refractive index, λ is the wavelength, A , B , C , etc., are coefficients that can be determined for a material by fitting the equation to measured ...
[9] [10] [11] Most manufacturer's recommend calibration with pure water and a sucrose calibration solution of a known refractive index. [12] Once the instrument is in calibration mode, the pure water acts as a zero baseline reading, while the sucrose solution compares its known RI to the output, and the machine is adjusted accordingly.
It can also form compounds with hydrazine, such as Nd 2 (CO 3) 3 ·12N 2 H 4 ·4H 2 O which is a transparaent crystal that is slightly soluble in water but insoluble in benzene, d 20°C = 1.96 g/cm 3.
Inline process refractometers are a type of refractometer designed for the continuous measurement of a fluid flowing through a pipe or inside a tank. First patented by Carl A. Vossberg Jr. US2807976A - Refractometer US2549402A, these refractometers typically consist of a sensor, placed inline with the fluid flow, coupled to a control box.