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Materials that allow the transmission of light waves through them are called optically transparent. Chemically pure (undoped) window glass and clean river or spring water are prime examples of this. Materials that do not allow the transmission of any light wave frequencies are called opaque. Such substances may have a chemical composition which ...
Real-world subsurface scattering of light in a photograph of a human hand Computer-generated subsurface scattering in Blender. Subsurface scattering (SSS), also known as subsurface light transport (SSLT), [1] is a mechanism of light transport in which light that penetrates the surface of a translucent object is scattered by interacting with the material and exits the surface potentially at a ...
Soft materials include liquids, colloids, polymers, foams, gels, granular materials, liquid crystals, flesh, and a number of biomaterials. These materials share an important common feature in that predominant physical behaviors occur at an energy scale comparable with room temperature thermal energy (of order of kT ), and that entropy is ...
Cavitation is the formation of vapour bubbles in liquid caused by flow around an object. Bubbles form when water accelerates around sharp corners and the pressure drops below the vapour pressure . Pressure increases upon deceleration, and the water generally reabsorbs the vapour; however, vapour bubbles can implode and apply small concentrated ...
A more stable polymorph of water than common ice (Ice I h), which instead of melting when above 0°C (32°F), only melts at 45.8°C (114.4°F). When ice-nine comes in contact with liquid water below 45.8°C, it acts as a seed crystal, and causes the solidification of the entire body of water, which quickly crystallizes as more ice-nine ...
In fluid mechanics, materials science and Earth sciences, the permeability of porous media (often, a rock or soil) is a measure of the ability for fluids (gas or liquid) to flow through the media; it is commonly symbolized as k. Fluids can more easily flow through a material with high permeability than one with low permeability. [1]
An ice surface in fresh water melts solely by free convection with a rate that depends linearly on the water temperature, T ∞, when T ∞ is less than 3.98 °C, and superlinearly when T ∞ is equal to or greater than 3.98 °C, with the rate being proportional to (T ∞ − 3.98 °C) α, with α = 5 / 3 for T ∞ much greater than 8 ...