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J. R. R. Tolkien built a process of decline and fall in Middle-earth into both The Silmarillion and The Lord of the Rings.. The pattern is expressed in several ways, including the splintering of the light provided by the Creator, Eru Iluvatar, into progressively smaller parts; the fragmentation of languages and peoples, especially the Elves, who are split into many groups; the successive falls ...
The crisis of the late Middle Ages comprised a series of events across Europe during the 14th and 15th centuries (the late Middle Ages) that ended a centuries-long period of stability. [1] Three major crises led to radical changes in all areas of society: demographic collapse, political instability, and religious upheavals. [2]
The adjective feudal was in use by at least 1405, and the noun feudalism was in use by the end of the 18th century, [4] paralleling the French féodalité.. According to a classic definition by François Louis Ganshof (1944), [1] feudalism describes a set of reciprocal legal and military obligations of the warrior nobility that revolved around the key concepts of lords, vassals and fiefs, [1 ...
In the Late Middle Ages, feudalism began to decline with the gradual centralization of government, a process that accelerated in the early fourteenth century. [5] The system remained in decline until its formal abolition in England under the Tenures Abolition Act 1660. By that time, significant socio-economic class divisions had taken root ...
Feudalism in Italy was influenced by classical traditions and urban communes. The rise of city-states led to conflicts between merchants, nobles, and guilds, resulting in a fragmented political landscape. Feudalism was less prevalent in Italy compared to northern Europe. Feudalism in Spain was shaped by the Reconquista against Muslim rule.
[2] [3] Feudal fragmentation is usually associated with European history, particularly during the Middle Ages. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Feudal fragmentation occurs after the death of the legitimate ruler leaves no clear heirs, and rulers of various subdivisions of the original state fail at electing or agreeing on a new leader for the previous, larger entity.
The late Middle Ages or late medieval period was the period of European history lasting from 1300 to 1500 CE. The late Middle Ages followed the High Middle Ages and preceded the onset of the early modern period (and in much of Europe, the Renaissance). [1] Around 1350, centuries of prosperity and growth in Europe came to a halt.
Middle-earth is the setting of much of the English writer J. R. R. Tolkien's fantasy. The term is equivalent to the Miðgarðr of Norse mythology and Middangeard in Old English works, including Beowulf. Middle-earth is the oecumene (i.e. the human-inhabited world, or the central continent of Earth) in Tolkien's imagined mythological past.