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The brake lining is that part of the brake pad which actually contacts the metal brake disc (rotor) when the brake is engaged. Using a typical bicycle brake as an example, the backing would be the metal shell which provides mechanical support, and the lining would be the rubbery portion which contacts the rims when the brakes are applied.
R90 calls for linings to be tested for speed sensitivity, cold performance, and replacement Brake pads and brake shoes are permitted to deviate from the frictional characteristics of their original-equipment counterparts by not more than 15%. [2] In addition, R90 requires tamper-evident, sealed packaging for replacement brake linings. [1]
The miles per gallon equivalent cost of an alternative fuel vehicle can be calculated by a simple formula to directly compare the MPG operating costs (rather than the energy consumption of MPGe [7]) with traditional vehicles since the cost of resources varies substantially from region to region. [5] [4] For reference, the complete equation is:
The efficiency often reported for a particular engine, however, is not its maximum efficiency but a fuel economy cycle statistical average. For example, the cycle average value of BSFC for a gasoline engine is 322 g/(kW⋅h), translating to an efficiency of 25% (1/(322 × 0.0122225) = 0.2540).
The concept of brake pads or disc brakes as an alternative to drum brakes had been around at least as early as a patent by F. W. Lanchester in 1902. [2] However, due to high cost and inefficiencies compared to drum brakes they were not commonly implemented until after World War II. [3]
The brake fluid in the tubes, in turn, pressurizes the brake slave cylinders, which are on each wheel. [22] [23] The slave cylinder pistons press down the brake pads. They encompass and compress the brake disk, and the rotation of the wheels slows down. In addition to transmitting pressure, brake fluid also keeps the brake system working optimally.