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10 of the most influential figures in the history of quantum mechanics. Left to right: Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr, Louis de Broglie, Max Born, Paul Dirac, Werner Heisenberg, Wolfgang Pauli, Erwin Schrödinger, Richard Feynman. The history of quantum mechanics is a fundamental part of the history of modern physics.
Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory that describes the behavior of nature at and below the scale of atoms. [2]: 1.1 It is the foundation of all quantum physics, which includes quantum chemistry, quantum field theory, quantum technology, and quantum information science. Quantum mechanics can describe many systems that classical physics cannot.
Einstein, in 1905, when he wrote the Annus Mirabilis papers. 1900 – To explain black-body radiation (1862), Max Planck suggests that electromagnetic energy could only be emitted in quantized form, i.e. the energy could only be a multiple of an elementary unit E = hν, where h is the Planck constant and ν is the frequency of the radiation.
Quantum mechanics is the study of matter and its interactions with energy on the scale of atomic and subatomic particles.By contrast, classical physics explains matter and energy only on a scale familiar to human experience, including the behavior of astronomical bodies such as the moon.
Hugh Everett's universal wavefunction supports the idea that observed and observer are all mixed together: . If we try to limit the applicability so as to exclude the measuring apparatus, or in general systems of macroscopic size, we are faced with the difficulty of sharply defining the region of validity.
1926 Erwin Schrödinger states his nonrelativistic quantum wave equation and formulates quantum wave mechanics; 1926 Gilbert N. Lewis introduces the term "photon", thought by him to be "the carrier of radiant energy." [5] [6] 1926 Oskar Klein and Walter Gordon state their relativistic quantum wave equation, now the Klein–Gordon equation
The Bell test has its origins in the debate between Einstein and other pioneers of quantum physics, principally Niels Bohr.One feature of the theory of quantum mechanics under debate was the meaning of Heisenberg's uncertainty principle.
1924: Wolfgang Pauli: quantum Pauli exclusion principle; 1924: Edwin Hubble: the discovery that the Milky Way is just one of many galaxies; 1925: Erwin Schrödinger: Schrödinger equation (Quantum mechanics) 1925: Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin: Discovery of the composition of the Sun and that hydrogen is the most abundant element in the Universe