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In fact, the carbon atoms in the single bond need not be of the same hybridization. Carbon atoms can also form double bonds in compounds called alkenes or triple bonds in compounds called alkynes. A double bond is formed with an sp 2-hybridized orbital and a p-orbital that is not involved in the hybridization. A triple bond is formed with an sp ...
In chemistry, a double bond is a covalent bond between two atoms involving four bonding electrons as opposed to two in a single bond. Double bonds occur most commonly between two carbon atoms, for example in alkenes. Many double bonds exist between two different elements: for example, in a carbonyl group between a carbon atom and an oxygen atom ...
A carbon–oxygen bond is a polar covalent bond between atoms of carbon and oxygen. [1] [2] [3]: 16–22 Carbon–oxygen bonds are found in many inorganic compounds such as carbon oxides and oxohalides, carbonates and metal carbonyls, [4] and in organic compounds such as alcohols, ethers, and carbonyl compounds.
For this molecule, carbon sp 2 hybridises, because one π (pi) bond is required for the double bond between the carbons and only three σ bonds are formed per carbon atom. In sp 2 hybridisation the 2s orbital is mixed with only two of the three available 2p orbitals, usually denoted 2p x and 2p y. The third 2p orbital (2p z) remains unhybridised.
The polarity of C=O bond also enhances the acidity of any adjacent C-H bonds. Due to the positive charge on carbon and the negative charge on oxygen, carbonyl groups are subject to additions and/or nucleophilic attacks. A variety of nucleophiles attack, breaking the carbon-oxygen double bond, and leading to addition-elimination reactions.
In carbon monoxide (CO, isoelectronic with dinitrogen) the oxygen 2s orbital is much lower in energy than the carbon 2s orbital and therefore the degree of mixing is low. The electron configuration 1σ 2 1σ* 2 2σ 2 2σ* 2 1π 4 3σ 2 is identical to that of nitrogen.
In 1 H NMR spectroscopy, the hydrogen bonded to the carbon adjacent to double bonds will give a δ H of 4.5–6.5 ppm. The double bond will also deshield the hydrogen attached to the carbons adjacent to sp 2 carbons, and this generates δ H =1.6–2. ppm peaks. [14] Cis/trans isomers are distinguishable due to different J-coupling effect.
Double bonds for these heavier elements, when they exist, are often weak due to poor orbital overlap between the n>2 orbitals of the two atoms. Although such compounds are not intrinsically unstable, they instead tend to dimerize or even polymerize . [ 1 ]