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In calculus, the trapezoidal rule (also known as the trapezoid rule or trapezium rule) [a] is a technique for numerical integration, i.e., approximating the definite integral: (). The trapezoidal rule works by approximating the region under the graph of the function f ( x ) {\displaystyle f(x)} as a trapezoid and calculating its area.
In numerical analysis and scientific computing, the trapezoidal rule is a numerical method to solve ordinary differential equations derived from the trapezoidal rule for computing integrals. The trapezoidal rule is an implicit second-order method, which can be considered as both a Runge–Kutta method and a linear multistep method .
To estimate the area under a curve the trapezoid rule is applied first to one-piece, then two, then four, and so on. One-piece. Note since it starts and ends at zero, this approximation yields zero area. Two-piece Four-piece Eight-piece. After trapezoid rule estimates are obtained, Richardson extrapolation is applied.
In mathematics and computational science, Heun's method may refer to the improved [1] or modified Euler's method (that is, the explicit trapezoidal rule [2]), or a similar two-stage Runge–Kutta method. It is named after Karl Heun and is a numerical procedure for solving ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with a given initial value.
This is called the trapezoidal rule () (() + ()). Illustration of Simpson's rule. For either one of these rules, we can make a more accurate approximation by breaking up the interval [ a , b ] {\displaystyle [a,b]} into some number n {\displaystyle n} of subintervals, computing an approximation for each subinterval, then adding up all the results.
These are named after Rehuel Lobatto [7] as a reference to the Lobatto quadrature rule, but were introduced by Byron L. Ehle in his thesis. [8] All are implicit methods, have order 2 s − 2 and they all have c 1 = 0 and c s = 1.
While not derived as a Riemann sum, taking the average of the left and right Riemann sums is the trapezoidal rule and gives a trapezoidal sum. It is one of the simplest of a very general way of approximating integrals using weighted averages. This is followed in complexity by Simpson's rule and Newton–Cotes formulas.
Trapezoidal rule — second-order method, based on (piecewise) linear approximation; Simpson's rule — fourth-order method, based on (piecewise) quadratic approximation Adaptive Simpson's method; Boole's rule — sixth-order method, based on the values at five equidistant points; Newton–Cotes formulas — generalizes the above methods