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  2. Mach number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach_number

    The formula to compute Mach number in a supersonic compressible flow can be found from the Rayleigh supersonic pitot equation (above) using parameters for air: M ≈ 0.88128485 ( q c p + 1 ) ( 1 − 1 7 M 2 ) 2.5 {\displaystyle \mathrm {M} \approx 0.88128485{\sqrt {\left({\frac {q_{c}}{p}}+1\right)\left(1-{\frac {1}{7\,\mathrm {M} ^{2}}}\right ...

  3. Open-channel flow - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-channel_flow

    Varied flow. The depth of flow changes along the length of the channel. Varied flow technically may be either steady or unsteady. Varied flow can be further classified as either rapidly or gradually-varied: Rapidly-varied flow. The depth changes abruptly over a comparatively short distance. Rapidly varied flow is known as a local phenomenon.

  4. Groundwater flow equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater_flow_equation

    The transient flow of groundwater is described by a form of the diffusion equation, similar to that used in heat transfer to describe the flow of heat in a solid (heat conduction). The steady-state flow of groundwater is described by a form of the Laplace equation, which is a form of potential flow and has analogs in numerous fields.

  5. Shear velocity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_velocity

    Shear velocity also helps in thinking about the rate of shear and dispersion in a flow. Shear velocity scales well to rates of dispersion and bedload sediment transport. A general rule is that the shear velocity is between 5% and 10% of the mean flow velocity. For river base case, the shear velocity can be calculated by Manning's equation.

  6. Kaplan turbine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaplan_turbine

    A Bonneville Dam Kaplan turbine after 61 years of service. The Kaplan turbine is a propeller-type water turbine which has adjustable blades. It was developed in 1913 by Austrian professor Viktor Kaplan, [1] who combined automatically adjusted propeller blades with automatically adjusted wicket gates to achieve efficiency over a wide range of flow and water level.

  7. Backward differentiation formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward_differentiation...

    The backward differentiation formula (BDF) is a family of implicit methods for the numerical integration of ordinary differential equations.They are linear multistep methods that, for a given function and time, approximate the derivative of that function using information from already computed time points, thereby increasing the accuracy of the approximation.