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Tube-nosed fruit bats such as the eastern tube-nosed bat (Nyctimene robinsoni) have stereo olfaction, meaning they are able to map and follow odor plumes three-dimensionally. [68] Along with most (or perhaps all) other bat species, megabats mothers and offspring also use scent to recognize each other, as well as for recognition of individuals. [67]
Pteropus (suborder Yinpterochiroptera) is a genus of megabats which are among the largest bats in the world. They are commonly known as fruit bats or flying foxes, among other colloquial names. They live in South Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia, East Africa, and some oceanic islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. [3]
The hammer-headed bat is the largest bat in mainland Africa. [12] Males have wingspans up to 90.1 cm (2.96 ft), [ 13 ] and all individuals have forearm lengths exceeding 112 mm (4.4 in). [ 12 ] It has pronounced sexual dimorphism , more so than any other bat species in the world, [ 12 ] with males up to twice as heavy as females.
It is among the heaviest of all bat species, with individuals weighing up to 1.40 kg (3.1 lb). The only bat species known to weigh more than the giant golden-crowned flying fox are the Indian flying fox (Pteropus medius) and great flying fox (Pteropus neohibernicus), with a maximum weight of 1.6 kg (3.5 lb) and 1.45 kg (3.2 lb) respectively.
The bats are of particular interest, because these three types of cells have been shown to represent location and direction in 3D. [43] [47] Bats also have cells that represent the location of other bats, which researchers have called 'social place cells'. [44] Similarly, bats have cells that represent the location of human experimenters. [48]
In certain areas, the bat prefers coastal regions, but it can also be found at elevations up to 1,370 m (4,490 ft). [21] Flying foxes inhabit primary forest, mangrove forest, coconut groves, mixed fruit orchards, and a number of other habitats. [19] During the day, trees in mangrove forests and coconut groves may be used as roosts. [12]
Spotted-winged fruit bats are unusually small megabats, with a head-body length of 5.2 to 6.2 centimetres (2.0 to 2.4 in), [2] a wingspan of 28 centimetres (11 in), and an adult body weight of around 13 grams (0.46 oz). Most of the head and body are covered in thick blackish-brown fur, while the underparts are a pale grey-brown.
The advanced brain characters demonstrated in Pteropus could not, therefore, be generalized to imply that all bats are similar to primates. More recently, the flying primate hypothesis was soundly rejected when scientists compared the DNA of bats to that of primates. These genetic studies support the monophyly of bats. [4] [5] [6] [7]