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Hydrohalogenation. A hydrohalogenation reaction is the electrophilic addition of hydrogen halides like hydrogen chloride or hydrogen bromide to alkenes to yield the corresponding haloalkanes. [1][2][3] If the two carbon atoms at the double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms, the halogen is found preferentially at the carbon ...
In hydrohalogenation, an alkene reacts with a dry hydrogen halide (HX) electrophile like hydrogen chloride (HCl) or hydrogen bromide (HBr) to form a mono-haloalkane. The double bond of the alkene is replaced by two new bonds, one with the halogen and one with the hydrogen atom of the hydrohalic acid.
Example of hydrohalogenation: addition of HBr to an alkene. Hydrohalogenation involves addition of H−X to unsaturated hydrocarbons. This reaction results in new C−H and C−X σ bonds. The formation of the intermediate carbocation is selective and follows Markovnikov's rule. The hydrohalogenation of alkene will result in haloalkane. The ...
Vinyl cation. The vinyl cation is a carbocation with the positive charge on an alkene carbon. Its empirical formula of the parent ion is C. 2H+. 3. Vinyl cation are invoked as reactive intermediates in solvolysis of vinyl halides, [1][2] as well as electrophilic addition to alkynes and allenes.
Syn and anti addition. In organic chemistry, syn- and anti-addition are different ways in which substituent molecules can be added to an alkene (R2C=CR2) or alkyne (RC≡CR). The concepts of syn and anti addition are used to characterize the different reactions of organic chemistry by reflecting the stereochemistry of the products in a reaction.
Dehydrohalogenation. Dehydrohalogenation to give an alkene. In chemistry, dehydrohalogenation is an elimination reaction which removes a hydrogen halide from a substrate. The reaction is usually associated with the synthesis of alkenes, but it has wider applications.
The chemical basis for Markovnikov's Rule is the formation of the most stable carbocation during the addition process. The addition of the hydrogen ion to one carbon atom in the alkene creates a positive charge on the other carbon, forming a carbocation intermediate. The more substituted the carbocation, the more stable it is, due to induction ...
Halogenation. In chemistry, halogenation is a chemical reaction which introduces one or more halogens into a chemical compound. Halide -containing compounds are pervasive, making this type of transformation important, e.g. in the production of polymers, drugs. [1] This kind of conversion is in fact so common that a comprehensive overview is ...