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Hard problem of consciousness. In the philosophy of mind, the hard problem of consciousness is to explain why and how humans and other organisms have qualia, phenomenal consciousness, or subjective experience. [1][2] It is contrasted with the "easy problems" of explaining why and how physical systems give a (healthy) human being the ability to ...
A scientific theory is a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world, based on a body of facts that have been repeatedly confirmed through observation and experiment. Such fact-supported theories are not "guesses" but reliable accounts of the real world. The theory of biological evolution is more than "just a theory".
The subjective character of experience cannot be explained by a system of functional or intentional states. Consciousness cannot be fully explained if the subjective character of experience is ignored, and the subjective character of experience cannot be explained by a reductionist; it is a mental phenomenon that cannot be reduced to ...
Glycogen body. The function of this structure in the spinal cord of birds is not known. Arthropod head problem. A long-standing zoological dispute concerning the segmental composition of the heads of the various arthropod groups, and how they are evolutionarily related to each other. Ovaries of basking sharks.
The phenomenon to be explained is the explanandum—an event, law, or theory—whereas the premises to explain it are explanans, true or highly confirmed, containing at least one universal law, and entailing the explanandum. [6] [7] Thus, given the explanans as initial, specific conditions C 1, C 2, ... C n plus general laws L 1, L 2, ...
The following is a list of notable unsolved problems grouped into broad areas of physics. [ 1 ] Some of the major unsolved problems in physics are theoretical, meaning that existing theories seem incapable of explaining a certain observed phenomenon or experimental result. The others are experimental, meaning that there is a difficulty in ...
Hindsight bias. Hindsight bias, also known as the knew-it-all-along phenomenon[1] or creeping determinism, [2] is the common tendency for people to perceive past events as having been more predictable than they were. [3][4] After an event has occurred, people often believe that they could have predicted or perhaps even known with a high degree ...
The Dunning–Kruger effect is defined as the tendency of people with low ability in a specific area to give overly positive assessments of this ability. [2][3][4] This is often seen as a cognitive bias, i.e. as a systematic tendency to engage in erroneous forms of thinking and judging. [5][6][7] In the case of the Dunning–Kruger effect, this ...