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Glycolic acid is the major metabolite of ethylene glycol responsible for toxicity. The three main systems affected by ethylene glycol poisoning are the central nervous system, metabolic processes, and the kidneys. [ 7 ] The central nervous system is affected early in the course of poisoning as the result of a direct action of ethylene glycol.
Generally, metabolic acidosis occurs when the body produces too much acid (e.g., lactic acidosis, see below section), there is a loss of bicarbonate from the blood, or when the kidneys are not removing enough acid from the body. Chronic metabolic acidosis is most often caused by a decreased capacity of the kidneys to excrete excess acids ...
Addison's disease, also known as primary adrenal insufficiency, [4] is a rare long-term endocrine disorder characterized by inadequate production of the steroid hormones cortisol and aldosterone by the two outer layers of the cells of the adrenal glands (adrenal cortex), causing adrenal insufficiency. [5][6] Symptoms generally come on slowly ...
Hypoaldosteronism causes low sodium (hyponatremia), high potassium (hyperkalemia), and metabolic acidosis, a condition in which the body produces excess acid.These conditions are responsible for the symptoms of hypoaldosteronism, which include muscle weakness, nausea, palpitations, irregular heartbeat, and abnormal blood pressure.
Kussmaul breathing is a deep and labored breathing pattern often associated with severe metabolic acidosis, particularly diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) but also kidney failure. It is a form of hyperventilation, which is any breathing pattern that reduces carbon dioxide in the blood due to increased rate or depth of respiration. In metabolic ...
High anion gap metabolic acidosis. High anion gap metabolic acidosis is a form of metabolic acidosis characterized by a high anion gap (a medical value based on the concentrations of ions in a patient's serum). Metabolic acidosis occurs when the body produces too much acid, or when the kidneys are not removing enough acid from the body.
Symptoms of MSUD varies between patients and is greatly related to the amount of residual enzyme activity. [6] Some characteristics of MSUD include maple syrup odor to the urine or earwax, neurological disorders, psychological disorders, feeding problems, and metabolic acidosis. [7] If left untreated, it may lead to metabolic crisis.
The term acidemia describes the state of low blood pH, when arterial pH falls below 7.35 (except in the fetus – see below) while acidosis is used to describe the processes leading to these states. The use of acidosis for a low pH creates an ambiguity in its meaning. The difference is important where a patient has factors causing both acidosis ...