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Concrete continues to be the preferred method for capping vertical shafts. Considerations can be made in the design to allow for an entrance to the mine, a steel door for humans, a slot for bats, a hole for airflow. The slab thickness can vary from as little as 6 inches to several feet.
Poles, from which these buildings get their name, are natural shaped or round wooden timbers 4 to 12 inches (100 to 300 mm) in diameter. [4] The structural frame of a pole building is made of tree trunks, utility poles, engineered lumber or chemically pressure-treated squared timbers which may be buried in the ground or anchored to a concrete slab.
The walls are erected by what is known as the drop-slab-panel system - upright panels formed of three-foot slabs cut from the outside slice of tree-trunks, and dropped horizontally, one above the other, between grooved posts - a simple arrangement, quickly run up and artistic in appearance - outside, a horizontally fluted surface, formed by the ...
Regular concrete is the lay term for concrete that is produced by following the mixing instructions that are commonly published on packets of cement, typically using sand or other common material as the aggregate, and often mixed in improvised containers.
A concrete slab is a common structural element of modern buildings, consisting of a flat, horizontal surface made of cast concrete. Steel-reinforced slabs, typically between 100 and 500 mm thick, are most often used to construct floors and ceilings, while thinner mud slabs may be used for exterior paving (see below). [1] [2]
Hopkins and Riley followed up that book with Inventions from the Shed (1999) [17] and a 5-part film documentary series with the same name. [18] Gordon Thorburn also examined the shed proclivity in his book Men and Sheds (2002), [19] as did Gareth Jones in Shed Men (2004). [20] Recently, "Men's Sheds" have become common in Australia. [21]
The underside of a waffle slab, showing the grid like structure. A waffle slab or two-way joist slab is a concrete slab made of reinforced concrete with concrete ribs running in two directions on its underside. [1] The name waffle comes from the grid pattern created by the reinforcing ribs.
A sufficient thickness of concrete cover is thus required in order to slow down the carbonatation process towards the rebar. The minimum concrete cover will depend on the environmental conditions encountered and must be thicker when the concrete is also exposed to moisture and chloride (proximity to the sea, use of de-icing salt for bridges or ...