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In (automotive) vehicle dynamics, slip is the relative motion between a tire and the road surface it is moving on. This slip can be generated either by the tire's rotational speed being greater or less than the free-rolling speed (usually described as percent slip), or by the tire's plane of rotation being at an angle to its direction of motion (referred to as slip angle).
The ratios between the slip angles of the front and rear axles (a function of the slip angles of the front and rear tires respectively) will determine the vehicle's behavior in a given turn. If the ratio of front to rear slip angles is greater than 1:1, the vehicle will tend to understeer, while a ratio of less than 1:1 will produce oversteer ...
These coefficients are then used to generate equations showing how much force is generated for a given vertical load on the tire, camber angle and slip angle. [5] The Pacejka tire models are widely used in professional vehicle dynamics simulations, and racing car games, as they are reasonably accurate, easy to program, and solve quickly.
Ply steer describes the lateral force a tire generates due to asymmetries in its carcass as is rolls forward with zero slip angle and may be called pseudo side slip. [4] It is the characteristic that is usually described as the tire's tendency to “crab walk”, or move sideways while maintaining a straight-line orientation. This tendency ...
The intention of Ackermann geometry is to avoid the need for tyres to slip sideways when following the path around a curve. [2] The geometrical solution to this is for all wheels to have their axles arranged as radii of circles with a common centre point. As the rear wheels are fixed, this centre point must be on a line extended from the rear axle.
Graphically represented, a circle (or ellipse) of force magnitude represents the maximum tire traction, and the force vector can be in any direction up to the limit of the circle without tire slip. A tire that can withstand 0.8 G of force in braking can also withstand 0.8 G of force in turning or in acceleration, or for example approximately 0. ...
Self aligning torque , slip angle , and camber angle are also shown. Self aligning torque ( SAT ), also known as aligning torque or aligning moment ( Mz , moment about the z direction ), is the torque that a tire creates as it rolls along, which tends to steer it, i.e. rotate it around its vertical axis.
Example of the slip angle curve obtained from a Pacejka Magic Formula empirical tire model. In vehicle dynamics, a tire model is a type of multibody simulation used to simulate the behavior of tires. In current vehicle simulator models, the tire model is the weakest and most difficult part to simulate. [1] [2]