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In plumbing, a closet flange (also known as a toilet flange) is a pipe fitting (specifically, a type of flange) that both mounts a toilet to the floor and connects the closet bend to a drain pipe. The name comes from the term "water closet", the traditional name for a toilet. Closet flanges are typically made of brass, cast iron, ABS, PVC, and ...
A closet flange (the drainpipe flange to which a flush toilet is attached) is a specialized flange designed to be flush with the floor, allowing a toilet to be installed above it. The flange must be mechanically strong to accommodate slight misalignments or movements and resist corrosion.
Flushing trough cisterns were usually made of cast iron or galvanised steel, but were also manufactured in fireclay and plastic, and could serve 2 or more toilets. The trough would typically span a row of cubicles, with an individual siphon and flush chain for each closet.
The visible water surface in a toilet is the top of the trap's water seal. Each fixture drain, with exceptions, must be vented so that negative air pressure in the drain cannot siphon the trap dry, to prevent positive air pressure in the sewer from forcing gases past the water seal, and to prevent explosive sewer gas buildup.
Galvanized steel (often known simply as "galv" or "iron" in the plumbing trade) is relatively expensive, and difficult to work with due to weight and requirement of a pipe threader. It remains in common use for repair of existing "galv" systems and to satisfy building code non-combustibility requirements typically found in hotels, apartment ...
At the same time, vegan diets can lack certain key nutrients, especially vitamin B12, iron, iodine, zinc, calcium, vitamin D and omega-3 fats. Before adopting a vegan diet, it can be helpful to ...