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Many river systems are shaped by human activity and through anthropogenic forces. [1] The process of human influence on nature, including rivers, is stated with the beginning of the Anthropocene, which has replaced the Holocene.
According to a 2018 study in Nature, 87% of the oceans and 77% of land (excluding Antarctica) have been altered by anthropogenic activity, and 23% of the planet's landmass remains as wilderness. [116] Habitat fragmentation is the reduction of large tracts of habitat leading to habitat loss.
One of the most polluted rivers in the world due to a century of intense industrial activity causing the lower stretches of the river to become ecologically dead with oxygen levels 20 percent below the norm. Cleanup efforts starting in 1990 as well as the deindustrialization of the area brought about the reintroduction of natural life to the ...
Contaminants can come from one of four main sources. These are sewage discharges, industrial activities, agricultural activities, and urban runoff including stormwater. [2] Water pollution may affect either surface water or groundwater. This form of pollution can lead to many problems. One is the degradation of aquatic ecosystems.
Human activities affect marine life and marine habitats through overfishing, habitat loss, the introduction of invasive species, ocean pollution, ocean acidification and ocean warming. These impact marine ecosystems and food webs and may result in consequences as yet unrecognised for the biodiversity and continuation of marine life forms.
Climate change driven by anthropogenic activities can harm aquatic ecosystems by disrupting current distribution patterns of plants and animals. It has negatively impacted deep sea biodiversity, coastal fish diversity, crustaceans, coral reefs, and other biotic components of these ecosystems. [31]
Tidal marshes sensitivity to anthropogenic activity have created long lasting affects. Currently, rising sea levels is one of the leading threats to tidal marshes caused by global warming and climate change. [28] [29] Pollution due to urbanization also continues to endanger tidal marsh ecosystems. [1]
Anthropogenic influences on river systems. [46] Examples are mainly from settings with a modest technological influence, especially in the period of about 10,000 to 4000 cal yr BP. Humans exert a geomorphic force that now rivals that of the natural Earth.