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It is defined in RFC 1990. It can be used, for example, to connect a home computer to an Internet Service Provider using two traditional 56k modems, or to connect a company through two leased lines. On a single PPP line frames cannot arrive out of order, but this is possible when the frames are divided among multiple PPP connections.
An Ethernet crossover cable is a crossover cable for Ethernet used to connect computing devices together directly. It is most often used to connect two devices of the same type, e.g. two computers (via their network interface controllers) or two switches to each other.
Catenet, a short-form of (con)catenating networks, is obsolete terminolgy for a system of packet-switched communication networks interconnected via gateways. [3]The term was coined by Louis Pouzin in October 1973 in a note circulated to the International Network Working Group, [13] [14] later published in a 1974 paper "A Proposal for Interconnecting Packet Switching Networks". [15]
Customers connect to the DSLAM through ADSL modems or DSL routers, which are connected to the PSTN network via typical unshielded twisted pair telephone lines. Each DSLAM has multiple aggregation cards, and each such card can have multiple ports to which the customers' lines are connected. Typically a single DSLAM aggregation card has 24 ports ...
This use-case, connecting routers to modems over Ethernet is still extremely common today. On the customer-premises equipment , PPPoE may be implemented either in a unified residential gateway device that handles both DSL modem and IP routing functions or in the case of a simple DSL modem (without routing support), PPPoE may be handled behind ...
Within the IEEE Ethernet standards, the Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP) provides a method to control the bundling of several physical links together to form a single logical link. LACP allows a network device to negotiate an automatic bundling of links by sending LACP packets to their peer, a directly connected device that also ...
An example handshake of a dial-up modem. Modern dial-up modems typically have a maximum theoretical transfer speed of 56 kbit/s (using the V.90 or V.92 protocol), although in most cases, 40–50 kbit/s is the norm. Factors such as phone line noise as well as the quality of the modem itself play a large part in determining connection speeds.
Routing allows multiple networks to communicate independently and yet remain separate, whereas bridging connects two separate networks as if they were a single network. [2] In the OSI model, bridging is performed in the data link layer (layer 2). [3] If one or more segments of the bridged network are wireless, the device is known as a wireless ...