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South Australia was founded as a free-colony, without convicts. ... Sporting success lifted Australian spirits through the Depression years. Australia recovered ...
The Tasmanian Society, founded in 1837, was Australia's leading scientific society at the time. The Royal Society of Van Diemen's Land for Botany, Horticulture and the Advancement of Science was established in 1844. The University of Sydney, founded in 1850, included chairs in mathematics, chemistry and physics. [196]
The ancestors of Aboriginal Australians began arriving from south-east Asia 50,000 to 65,000 years ago, during the last glacial period. [1] [2] Arriving by sea, they settled the continent and had formed approximately 250 distinct language groups by the time of European settlement, maintaining some of the longest known continuing artistic and religious traditions in the world.
Australia's life expectancy of 83 years (81 years for males and 85 years for females) [391] is the fifth-highest in the world. It has the highest rate of skin cancer in the world, [ 392 ] while cigarette smoking is the largest preventable cause of death and disease, responsible for 7.8% of the total mortality and disease.
Animated map of the territorial evolution of Australia. The first colonies of the British Empire on the continent of Australia were the penal colony of New South Wales, founded in 1788, and the Swan River Colony (later renamed Western Australia), founded in 1829.
Australia: 1 January 1901: Commonwealth of Australia established as federation. 1 January 1901: Independence from United Kingdom. 16 September 1975: Papua New Guinea becomes formally independent of Australia 11 December 1931: Statute of Westminster: 3 March 1986: Australia Act 1986 Cook Islands
In the early years Australia continued to be represented by the United Kingdom as part of the British Empire at international conferences. In 1919, following Canadian lead, Australian Prime Minister Billy Hughes insisted that Australia have separate representatives at the Versailles Peace Conference and not as part of the British delegation.
South Australia was founded as a "free province"—it was never a penal colony. [33] Victoria and Western Australia were also founded "free", but later accepted transported convicts . [ 34 ] [ 35 ] A campaign by the settlers of New South Wales led to the end of convict transportation to that colony; the last convict ship arrived in 1848.