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The largest of these early cultures in upper (Southern) Egypt was the Badarian culture, which probably originated in the Western Desert; it was known for its high-quality ceramics, stone tools, and its use of copper. [10] The Badari was followed by the Naqada culture: the Naqada I , the Naqada II , and Naqada III . [11]
After an interval of independence, during which three indigenous dynasties reigned (the 28th, 29th and 30th dynasty), Artaxerxes III (358–338 BC) reconquered the Nile valley for a brief second period (343–332 BC), which is called the Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt, thus starting another period of pharaohs of Persian origin.
The history of ancient Egypt spans the period from the early prehistoric settlements of the northern Nile valley to the Roman conquest of Egypt in 30 BC. The pharaonic period, the period in which Egypt was ruled by a pharaoh, is dated from the 32nd century BC, when Upper and Lower Egypt were unified, until the country fell under Macedonian rule in 332 BC.
Egypt's economy depends mainly on agriculture, media, petroleum exports, natural gas, and tourism. There are also more than three million Egyptians working abroad, mainly in Libya, Saudi Arabia, the Persian Gulf and Europe.
The most popular hypothesis for the origin and spread of the language is the Kurgan hypothesis, which postulates an origin in the Pontic–Caspian steppe of Eastern Europe. The existence of PIE was first postulated in the 18th century by Sir William Jones , who observed the similarities between Sanskrit , Ancient Greek , and Latin .
The largest of these early cultures in northern Upper Egypt was the Badari, which probably originated in the Western Desert; it was known for its high quality ceramics, stone tools, and use of copper. [59] The oldest known domesticated bovine in Africa are from Fayum dating to around 4400 BC. [60]
U5 is thought to have originated in Europe, [23] [24] and U5b2b5 has been found in ancient European samples dating from the Neolithic onwards. [25] [26] [27] U5b2b5 has also been found in 10 samples from Christian Period Nubia, [28] and a related European sequence (U5b2c1) has been observed in an ancient sample from Carthage (6th century BC).
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 8 January 2025. Ethnic group This article is about the contemporary Nile Valley ethnic group. For other uses, see Egyptian (disambiguation). For information on the population of Egypt, see Demographics of Egypt. Ethnic group Egyptians Total population 120 million (2017) Regions with significant ...