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ADB (1992). Guidelines for the Health Impact Assessment of Development Projects. ADB Environment Paper no. 11. Manila, Asian Development Bank. Birley, M (1995), The Health Impact Assessment of Development Projects, London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Birley, M (2011), Health Impact Assessment: principles and practice, London: Earthscan.
The Leopold matrix is a qualitative environmental impact assessment method developed in 1971 by Luna Leopold and collaborators for the USGS. [1] It is used to identify and assign numerical weightings to potential environmental impacts of proposed projects on the environment. [1]
According to Rossi et al. (2004, p. 222), [8] 'a measure that is poorly chosen or poorly conceived can completely undermine the worth of an impact assessment by producing misleading estimates. Only if outcome measures are valid, reliable and appropriately sensitive can impact assessments be regarded as credible'.
If the assessment is favourable, and the proposed policy is enacted—after a suitable length of time for the policy to gain traction—it might be followed by an impact evaluation; ideally, assessed impacts before the fact and evaluated impacts after the fact are not wildly divergent. In some cases, impact becomes politicized due to a change ...
Other authors make a distinction between "impact evaluation" and "impact assessment." "Impact evaluation" uses empirical techniques to estimate the effects of interventions and their statistical significance, whereas "impact assessment" includes a broader set of methods, including structural simulations and other approaches that cannot test for ...
The European Union Directive on Environmental Impact Assessments (85/337/EEC,also known as the EIA Directive) only applied to certain projects. [3] This was seen as deficient as it only dealt with specific effects at the local level whereas many environmentally damaging decisions had already been made at a more strategic level (for example the fact that new infrastructure may generate an ...
Social impact assessment (SIA) is a methodology to review the social effects of infrastructure projects and other development interventions. Although SIA is usually applied to planned interventions, the same techniques can be used to evaluate the social impact of unplanned events, for example, disasters, demographic change, and epidemics.
The word assessment comes from the use of these models to provide information for answering policy questions. [9] To quantify these integrated assessment studies, numerical models are used. Integrated assessment modelling does not provide predictions for the future but rather estimates what possible scenarios look like. [9]
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