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However there are numerous exceptions; for example the lightest exception is chromium, which would be predicted to have the configuration 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 4 4s 2, written as [Ar] 3d 4 4s 2, but whose actual configuration given in the table below is [Ar] 3d 5 4s 1.
Og, 118, oganesson : 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 2 4d 10 5p 6 6s 2 4f 14 5d 10 6p 6 7s 2 5f 14 6d 10 7p 6 Note that these electron configurations are given for neutral atoms in the gas phase, which are not the same as the electron configurations for the same atoms in chemical environments.
Chromium and copper have electron configurations [Ar] 3d 5 4s 1 and [Ar] 3d 10 4s 1 respectively, i.e. one electron has passed from the 4s-orbital to a 3d-orbital to generate a half-filled or filled subshell. In this case, the usual explanation is that "half-filled or completely filled subshells are particularly stable arrangements of electrons".
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Starting the next row, for potassium and calcium the 4s subshell is the lowest in energy, and therefore they fill it. [39] [58] Potassium adds one electron to the 4s shell ([Ar] 4s 1), and calcium then completes it ([Ar] 4s 2). However, starting from scandium ([Ar] 3d 1 4s 2) the 3d subshell becomes the next highest in energy. The 4s and 3d ...
President-elect Donald Trump on Wednesday shone a spotlight on the debt ceiling, rejecting a bipartisan government funding deal negotiated by House Speaker Mike Johnson and demanding lawmakers ...