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15-20% of FLUTD cases are caused by uroliths ("stones") which occur when crystals which may be present in urine coalesce to form small stones. The most common types observed are struvite and calcium oxalate. [5] The majority of uroliths are located in the urinary bladder, but can also form in the kidneys, ureters and urethra.
Oversaturation of urine with crystals is by far the biggest factor in stone formation in dogs and cats. [3] This oversaturation can be caused by increased excretion of crystals by the kidneys, water reabsorption by the renal tubules resulting in concentration of the urine, and changes in urine pH that influence crystallization.
It can affect both males and females of any breed of cat. It is more commonly found in female cats; however, when males do exhibit cystitis, it is usually more dangerous. [1] Despite the shared terminology, cases of feline idiopathic cystitis, as opposed to human cystitis episodes, are sterile.
Struvite urinary stones and crystals form readily in the urine of animals and humans that are infected with ammonia-producing organisms. They are potentiated by alkaline urine and high magnesium excretion (high magnesium/plant-based diets). They also are potentiated by a specific urinary protein in domestic cats.
These cystine crystals were found in the urine sediment of a male dog who presented to the veterinary hospital with a history of chronic stranguria (straining to urinate) and pollakiuria (abnormally increased frequency of urination). A cystotomy was performed and numerous cystoliths (bladder stones) were removed.
A urine pH of 8.5 or 9.0 is indicative of a urea-splitting organism, such as Proteus, Klebsiella, or Ureaplasma urealyticum; therefore, an asymptomatic patient with a high pH means UTI regardless of the other urine test results. Alkaline pH also can signify struvite kidney stones, which are also known as "infection stones". [6]
In cats with a heavy infection, symptoms can include frequent urination, painful urination, bloody urine, straining to urinate. Infected cats are usually over 8 months of age. Clinical signs or symptoms of affected cats include abdominal pain, fever, distended painful bladder and urinary blockage. Diagnosis is based on finding larvae and ...
Cats do not play a role in the spread of trichinosis because trichinae are rare in them and cats are not normally eaten by humans. The cat liver fluke can rarely cause disease in children if they swallow infected fleas, usually accidentally (→ dipylidiasis). Here, humans, like cats, act as the final host; direct infection from a cat is not ...