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  2. AP International English Language - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_International_English...

    AP exams were established in 1957; they have a long tradition and are widely accepted. [10] A study has shown that AP students score higher on standardized test scores than non-AP students. [15] The APIEL exam is developed and evaluated by international professors and faculty organizations, rather than only by Americans.

  3. Hindsight bias - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindsight_bias

    Hindsight bias is more likely to occur when the outcome of an event is negative rather than positive. [14] This is a phenomenon consistent with the general tendency for people to pay more attention to negative outcomes of events than positive outcomes.

  4. List of cognitive biases - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases

    In psychology and cognitive science, a memory bias is a cognitive bias that either enhances or impairs the recall of a memory (either the chances that the memory will be recalled at all, or the amount of time it takes for it to be recalled, or both), or that alters the content of a reported memory. There are many types of memory bias, including:

  5. AP English Language and Composition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_English_Language_and...

    The AP English Language and Composition exam is typically administered on a Tuesday morning in the second week of May. The exam consists of two sections: a one-hour multiple-choice section, and a two-hour fifteen-minute free-response section. [2] The exam is further divided as follows:

  6. Implicit-association test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implicit-association_test

    The implicit-association test (IAT) is an assessment intended to detect subconscious associations between mental representations of objects in memory. [1] Its best-known application is the assessment of implicit stereotypes held by test subjects, such as associations between particular racial categories and stereotypes about those groups. [2]

  7. Cognitive bias - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_bias

    The Cognitive Bias Codex. A cognitive bias is a systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment. [1] Individuals create their own "subjective reality" from their perception of the input. An individual's construction of reality, not the objective input, may dictate their behavior in the world.

  8. Self-serving bias - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-serving_bias

    A self-serving bias is any cognitive or perceptual process that is distorted by the need to maintain and enhance self-esteem, or the tendency to perceive oneself in an overly favorable manner. [1] It is the belief that individuals tend to ascribe success to their own abilities and efforts, but ascribe failure to external factors. [ 2 ]

  9. Response bias - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Response_bias

    Social desirability bias is a type of response bias that influences a participant to deny undesirable traits, and ascribe to themselves traits that are socially desirable. [2] In essence, it is a bias that drives an individual to answer in a way that makes them look more favorable to the experimenter. [1] [2] This bias can take many forms.