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The characteristic color of a positive biuret test. In chemistry, the biuret test (IPA: / ˌ b aɪ j ə ˈ r ɛ t /, / ˈ b aɪ j ə ˌ r ɛ t / [1]), also known as Piotrowski's test, is a chemical test used for detecting the presence of at least two peptide bonds in a molecule.
The Bradford protein assay (also known as the Coomassie protein assay) was developed by Marion M. Bradford in 1976. [1] It is a quick and accurate [ 2 ] spectroscopic analytical procedure used to measure the concentration of protein in a solution.
Colorimetric assays use reagents that undergo a measurable color change in the presence of the analyte. They are widely used in biochemistry to test for the presence of enzymes, specific compounds, antibodies, hormones and many more analytes. For example, para-Nitrophenylphosphate is converted into a yellow product by alkaline phosphatase enzyme.
The method combines the reactions of copper ions with the peptide bonds under alkaline conditions (the Biuret test) with the oxidation of aromatic protein residues. The Lowry method is based on the reaction of Cu +, produced by the oxidation of peptide bonds, with Folin–Ciocalteu reagent (a mixture of phosphotungstic acid and phosphomolybdic acid in the Folin–Ciocalteu reaction).
Macroscopic examination targets parameters such as color, clarity, odor, and specific gravity; urine test strips measure chemical properties such as pH, glucose concentration, and protein levels; and microscopy is performed to identify elements such as cells, urinary casts, crystals, and organisms. [2]
Immunofluorescence is a widely used example of immunostaining (using antibodies to stain proteins) and is a specific example of immunohistochemistry (the use of the antibody-antigen relationship in tissues). This technique primarily utilizes fluorophores to visualize the location of the antibodies, while others provoke a color change in the ...
When proteins are exposed to concentrated sulfuric acid and glyoxylic acid, the indole group undergoes a reaction that produces a highly colored compound. This interaction highlights tryptophan's central role in the test, as proteins lacking this amino acid do not produce the characteristic color change.
Serum total protein, also known as total protein, is a clinical chemistry parameter representing the concentration of protein in serum. [1] Serum contains many proteins including serum albumin, a variety of globulins, and many others. While it is possible to analyze these proteins individually, total protein is a relatively quick and ...