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Palilalia is similar to speech disorders such as stuttering or cluttering, as it tends to express itself only in spontaneous speech, such as answering basic questions, and not in automatic speech such as reading or singing; however, it distinctively affects words and phrases rather than syllables and sounds.
For example, while the 'p' sounds of English pin and spin are pronounced differently (and this difference would be meaningful in some languages), the difference is not meaningful in English. Thus, phonemically the words are usually analyzed as /ˈpɪn/ and /ˈspɪn/, with the same phoneme /p/.
Most commonly, the change is a result of sound assimilation with an adjacent sound of opposite voicing, but it can also occur word-finally or in contact with a specific vowel. For example, the English suffix -s is pronounced [s] when it follows a voiceless phoneme ( cats ), and [z] when it follows a voiced phoneme ( dogs ). [ 1 ]
Similarly, in Thai, words with initial consonant clusters are commonly reduced in colloquial speech to pronounce only the initial consonant, such as the pronunciation of the word ครับ reducing from /kʰrap̚˦˥/ to /kʰap̚˦˥/. [7] Another element of consonant clusters in Old Chinese was analysed in coda and post-coda position.
The pronunciations / ˈ h æ n b æ ɡ / or / ˈ h æ n d b æ ɡ / are, however, common in normal speech. In contrast, the word "cupboard", although it is historically a compound of "cup" / k ʌ p / and "board" / b ɔːr d /, is always generally pronounced / ˈ k ʌ b ər d /, and almost never / ˈ k ʌ p b ɔːr d /. [note 1]
(Less commonly) across word boundaries. "Right ankle" [raɪʔ‿æŋkəl] "That apple" [ðæʔ‿æpəl] Glottal replacement – or even deletion entirely in quick speech – in the coda position of a syllable is a distinctive feature of the speech of some speakers in the U.S. state of Connecticut. [22]
The concept of voice onset time can be traced back as far as the 19th century, when Adjarian (1899: 119) [1] studied the Armenian stops, and characterized them by "the relation that exists between two moments: the one when the consonant bursts when the air is released out of the mouth, or explosion, and the one when the larynx starts vibrating".
In conversational (rather than carefully enunciated) speech, American English often features a nasal flap when /n/ or /nt/ are in intervocalic position before an unstressed vowel; for example, "winner" and "winter" become homophones: ['wɪ (~) ɾ̃ɚ].