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In addition to tremors, lithium treatment appears to be a risk factor for development of parkinsonism-like symptoms, although the causal mechanism remains unknown. [73] In the average bipolar patient, chronic lithium use is not associated with cognitive decline. [74] Most side effects of lithium are dose-dependent.
Potential side effects from lithium include gastrointestinal upset, tremor, sedation, excessive thirst, frequent urination, cognitive problems, impaired motor coordination, hair loss, and acne. [3] Excessive levels of lithium can be harmful to the kidneys, and increase the risk of side effects in general.
Lithium toxicity, also known as lithium overdose, is the condition of having too much lithium. Symptoms may include a tremor, increased reflexes, trouble walking, kidney problems, and an altered level of consciousness .
Lithium is preferred for long-term mood stabilization. [68] Lithium treatment is also associated with adverse effects and it has been shown to erode kidney and thyroid function over extended periods. [17] Valproate has become a commonly prescribed treatment and effectively treats manic episodes. [147]
The most commonly used classes of medications for these disorders are antidepressants, antipsychotics, and lithium. Unfortunately, these medications are associated with significant neurotoxicities. Psychiatric medications carry risk for neurotoxic adverse effects. The occurrence of neurotoxic effects can potentially reduce drug compliance.
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In general, large-scale studies do tend to show that long-term use of antidepressants is associated with weight gain side effects. However, study data on escitalopram and weight changes is very ...
Medications are used to reverse the symptoms of extrapyramidal side effects caused by antipsychotics or other drugs, by either directly or indirectly increasing dopaminergic neurotransmission. The treatment varies by the type of the EPS, but may involve anticholinergic agents such as procyclidine, benztropine, diphenhydramine, and trihexyphenidyl.